Networking Cables

Networking cables

 are networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share printer, scanner etc. Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, Twisted Pair cables are used depending on the network's topology, protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
While wireless networks are much easier deployed when total throughput is not an issue, most permanent larger computer networks use cables to transfer signals from one point to another.

Twisted pair - Cabling is a form of wiring in which pairs of wires (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other wire pairs and from external sources. This type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks.
There are two major types of twisted pair cables: shielded, unshielded.

Fiber optic cable

An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective material. The outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC to prevent interference. Optical fiber deployment is more expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth and can cover longer distances.
There are two major types of optical fiber cables: short-range multi-mode fiber and long-range single-mode fiber.

Coaxial cable

Coaxial lines confine the electromagnetic wave inside the cable, between the center conductor and the shield. The transmission of energy in the line occurs totally through the dielectric inside the cable between the conductors. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and twisted (subject to limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to conductive supports without inducing unwanted currents in them.

Patch cable

A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. Devices of different types (e.g. a switch connected to a computer, or a switch connected to a router) are connected with patch cords. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily distinguishable, and are relatively short, perhaps no longer than two meters. In contrast to on-premises wiring , patch cables are more flexible but may also be less durable.

Power lines

Although power wire are not designed for networking applications, new technologies like Power line communication allows these wires to also be used to interconnect home computers, peripherals or other networked consumer products. On December 2008, the ITU-T adopted Recommendation G.hn/G.9960 as the first worldwide standard for high-speed powerline communications over phonelines and coaxial

The 12 top strategic technology trends, 2022

• Trend 1: Data Fabric

Data fabric provides a flexible, resilient integration of data sources across platforms and business users, making data available everywhere it’s needed regardless where the data lives.

Data fabric can use analytics to learn and actively recommend where data should be used and changed. This can reduce data management efforts by up to 70%.



• Trend 2: Cybersecurity Mesh

Cybersecurity mesh is a flexible, composable architecture that integrates widely distributed and disparate security services.

Cybersecurity mesh enables best-of-breed, stand-alone security solutions to work together to improve overall security while moving control points closer to the assets they’re designed to protect. It can quickly and reliably verify identity, context and policy adherence across cloud and noncloud environments.



• Trend 3: Privacy-Enhancing Computation 

Privacy-enhancing computation secures the processing of personal data in untrusted environments — which is increasingly critical due to evolving privacy and data protection laws as well as growing consumer concerns.

Privacy-enhancing computation utilizes a variety of privacy-protection techniques to allow value to be extracted from data while still meeting compliance requirements.



• Trend 4: Cloud-Native Platforms 

Cloud-native platforms are technologies that allow you to build new application architectures that are resilient, elastic and agile — enabling you to respond to rapid digital change.

Cloud-native platforms improve on the traditional lift-and-shift approach to cloud, which fails to take advantage of the benefits of cloud and adds complexity to maintenance. 



• Trend 5: Composable Applications

Composable applications are built from business-centric modular components.

Composable applications make it easier to use and reuse code, accelerating the time to market for new software solutions and releasing enterprise value.



• Trend 6: Decision Intelligence 

Decision intelligence is a practical approach to improve organizational decision making. It models each decision as a set of processes, using intelligence and analytics to inform, learn from and refine decisions.

Decision intelligence can support and enhance human decision making and, potentially, automate it through the use of augmented analytics, simulations and AI.



• Trend 7: Hyperautomation

Hyperautomation is a disciplined, business-driven approach to rapidly identify, vet and automate as many business and IT processes as possible.

Hyperautomation enables scalability, remote operation and business model disruption.



• Trend 8: AI Engineering

AI engineering automates updates to data, models and applications to streamline AI delivery.

Combined with strong AI governance, AI engineering will operationalize the delivery of AI to ensure its ongoing business value.



• Trend 9: Distributed Enterprises

Distributed enterprises reflect a digital-first, remote-first business model to improve employee experiences, digitalize consumer and partner touchpoints, and build out product experiences.

Distributed enterprises better serve the needs of remote employees and consumers, who are fueling demand for virtual services and hybrid workplaces.



• Trend 10: Total Experience

Total experience is a business strategy that integrates employee experience, customer experience, user experience and multiexperience across multiple touch points to accelerate growth.

Total experience can drive greater customer and employee confidence, satisfaction, loyalty and advocacy through holistic management of stakeholder experiences.



• Trend 11: Autonomic Systems

Autonomic systems are self-managed physical or software systems that learn from their environments and dynamically modify their own algorithms in real time to optimize their behavior in complex ecosystems.

Autonomic systems create an agile set of technology capabilities that are able to support new requirements and situations, optimize performance and defend against attacks without human intervention.



• Trend 12: Generative AI

Generative AI learns about artifacts from data, and generates innovative new creations that are similar to the original but doesn’t repeat it.

Generative AI has the potential to create new forms of creative content, such as video, and accelerate R&D cycles in fields ranging from medicine to product creation.

Windows Server 2012

What is Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)?

Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) is a certification that validates IT professional and developer technical expertise through rigorous, industry-proven and industry-recognised exams. MCP exams cover a wide range of Microsoft products, technologies, and solutions.

When you pass your first qualifying MCP exam, you automatically become a Microsoft Certified Professional and gain access to MCP benefits. You also join a community of millions of MCPs, with thousands more joining every month. After you become an MCP, you’re on your way to distinguishing yourself through expert certifications including Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE), and Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD).

 

 

Absolutely the certification changed my life: the moment I got my first MCP it was that much easier to get the interviews and ultimately secure a job."

MCP benefits

As an MCP, you have access to many valuable career tools, such as:
Certification Planner Track your progress and view options for completing your certification.
Certificate Manager View, download, or purchase paper copies of certificates for the Microsoft Certifications you earn.
Official transcript download and sharing tool
Certification logos Download official certification logos.
MCP eStore Purchase apparel and accessories with certification logos.
MCP community Make connections with your peers to learn the Blog http://gauravmahapatra.blogspot.in/.
Promotional offers Access special offers on Microsoft training and certification products and discounts.
Member resources Find training or evaluation software, look for job opportunities, and much more.

How to become a Microsoft Certified Professional

Plan Choose the right certification path, based on your goals, passion, and market demand.

Train Find the training methods that best fit your learning style and your schedule

Test Schedule your exams in advance, and take advantage of promotions

Leverage benefits Take advantage of your benefits as a Microsoft Certified Professional

Discover opportunities Use your new skill sets and credentials for promotion or a new job

Certification path

After you become an MCP, you’re on your way to distinguishing yourself through expert certifications, such as:

Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert

Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer

COMPUTER MEMORY TYPE

Desktop RAM

Desktop personal computers require Non-ECC Unbuffered RAM. There can be exceptions, so use the information below to determine what memory type your machine is currently running.

Non-ECC unbuffered memory usually has 8 chips per side and can be single sided or double sided. Low density dual channel desktop RAM commonly has 8 chips on both sides.

Please note that server RAM does not work in most desktop computers. Server RAM is ECC Registered, and desktop RAM usually needs to be Non-ECC and Non-Registered (unbuffered).

Desktop SDRAM - 168 pins, 2 notches at the bottom (PC100 or PC133)

Desktop DDR - 184 pins, 1 notch at the bottom (PC2100, PC2700 or PC3200).

Desktop DDR2 - 240 pins, 1 notch at the bottom. 

(Note-The notch in DDR2 RAM is in a slightly different location to prevent it from being installed in machines that require DDR RAM. DDR2 is not backwards compatible with DDR1.)

Desktop DDR-3 - 240 pins, 1 notch at the bottom. 

(Note-The notch in DDR3 RAM is in a different location to prevent it from being installed in machines that require DDR or DDR2 RAM. DDR3 is not backwards compatible with DDR2.)

Laptop RAM

Laptop computers require Non-ECC Unbuffered SODIMMs. The module size is physically about half as long as desktop memory.

Laptop SDRAM - 144 pins (PC100 or PC133).

Laptop DDR (DDR1) - 200 pins (PC2100, PC2700 or PC3200).

Laptop DDR2 - 200 pins 

(Note-The notch is in a slightly different position to prevent DDR2 RAM from being installed in DDR1 laptops. DDR2 is not backwards compatible with DDR1.)

Laptop DDR3 - 204 pins
(Note-DDR3 is not backwards compatible with DDR2 or DDR1.)

 

  

                                                        NOTE--A RAM Timeline

 1997 (SDRAM) PC66 SDRAM 66MHz
1999 (RDRAM) RDRAM 800MHz
2000 (DDR-SDRAM) DDR SDRAM 266MHz
2004 (DDR2-SDRAM) DDR2 SDRAM 533MHz
2007 (DDR3-SDRAM) DDR3 SDRAM 1066 - 1333MHz

8 key features of Windows 10

Microsoft has announced Windows 10, the next version of its desktop operating system. The Redmond giant has paid heed to feedback from unhappy Windows 8 users and has overhauled the user interface besides adding some features already available on rival platforms.

Here are eight key features of the new operating system

1. Start menu makes a comeback

Microsoft has been demonstrating the new Start menu for quite some time, but the company has finally made it official with Windows 10.

The menu features a search bar and customisable space for pinning app shortcuts and live tiles. It looks very similar to the traditional Start menu that Microsoft discontinued with the Windows 8. On non-touch devices, it will replace the Start screen.

 2. Everything runs in Windows

Modern UI apps from the Windows Store now also open in the same format that desktop apps do and can be resized and moved around.

Just like Windows 8.1, these apps have title bars at the top that allow users to maximize, minimize, and close with a click.

3. Snap enhancements

Users can now have up to four apps snapped on the same screen with what Microsoft calls a new quadrant layout.

Windows 10 will also show other apps and programmes running for additional snapping and will make smart suggestions on filling available screen space with other open apps.

 4. Multiple desktops, new task view

With Windows 10, users can create virtual desktops for different purposes and projects and switch between desktops and pick up where they left on each desktop, similar to OS X's Spaces.

There is a new task view that displays all open windows and desktops. This is also very similar to the Expose feature of Apple's OS X.

 5. One Windows version across devices, Continuum

Windows 10 will run on all devices across form factors, including phones, tablets, 2-in-1s and PCs.

The OS will come with a feature called Continuum which will detect when you remove a keyboard from a 2-in-1 and switch to a touch-optimised UI with big tiles. It will also have a universal app marketplace.

 6. Enterprise features

Windows 10 will come with a number of features for enterprise, including a customised store and corporate data protection. Administrators will be able to use Mobile Device Management for all devices

7. Universal search

The Windows 10 Start menu will also feature a universal search box similar to Apple OS X's Spotlight feature and offers web results in addition to results obtained by searching across files, apps and settings.

 8. Updated command prompt

Microsoft has pleased power users with some improvements in the command prompt interface. The command prompt now supports copy and paste keyboard shortcuts so you'll be able to use Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V commands easily.

 

Online games can help reduce scientific frauds: Study

WASHINGTON: Online video games and remote experiments can combat the rising level of errors and fraud in life sciences research, says a new study co-authored by an Indian-origin researcher.

"Online game-like approach are more scientifically rigorous than the standard practice of scientists proposing an explanation for some phenomenon and then testing that hypothesis through experimentation," explained Rhiju Das, assistant professor of biochemistry from the Stanford University.

"Massive online laboratories today use videogames to engage large numbers of non-professional investigators and prevent scientists from manually testing their own hypotheses," Das noted.

Reporting on the success of their own online lab, Das and assistant professor Adrien Treuille from Carnegie Mellon University wrote about a RNA-design project called EteRNA, which has produced unprecedented design insights that have advanced knowledge of RNA (ribonucleic acid).

"We registered more than 150,000 participants who contributed in excess of two million human-hours to EteRNA. That means there were a lot of eyes, a lot of people looking over each other's shoulders as hypotheses were developed and experimental results evaluated. Everything is out in the open," Treuille explained.

If you strip the game part, projects such as EteRNA present a fundamentally new model of remote science that can prevent many common forms of scientific fraud, Das commented.

Online participants use computer design tools to propose RNA designs that meet certain criteria.

The designs are then synthesized in the Stanford lab of Das.

The results are made available to the entire EteRNA community for analysis and use in future design challenges.

The transparency makes it difficult for any individual to retrospectively adjust scientific hypotheses to match experimental results, or to cherry-pick data to reflect a scientist's biases.

The paper was published in the journal Trends in Biochemical Sciences.

6 things shoppers can learn from the Flipkart sale

It was pegged as the mother of all sales, and it had the shoppers salivating. But when the D-day arrived, there was a barrage of consumer criticism that dwarfed the scale of the sale itself. The complaint: most of the shoppers failed to get the goodies.

Of the one billion who visited Flipkart, 998.5 million came back empty-handed. If you too were among those disappointed, here are some pointers that can help you prepare better the next time you want to binge on such a sale.

 

1. Advertised discounts may not be yours

 Though many buyers managed to buy things at fabulous discounts, thousands of miffed customers discovered that their orders had not been executed. The fact is that there are too many people jostling for the same goods.

According to Flipkart, it received a billion hits, while the number of people who actually managed to get their hands on the stuff was just 1.5 million. In other words, one in every 600 visitors to the site managed to shop. So, remember that you may not be able to get the advertised discount.

You may be well-prepared with all your payment details at hand, but you can never be sure that you will get the things you want at the discounted price. Take the case of the Xiaomi phones launched a few weeks ago. At times, they were gone in less than 3 seconds.

When there are millions of people competing against you, keep in mind that the probability of you making a purchase is bound to be extremely low.

2. Save time by registering and using wallets

Most of the people who got their hands on the discounted products were mission-ready at 8am on Monday — the moment the sale began. If you were among them and still missed out, chances are you did not have a registered account with the e-tailer or didn't have a registered payment account (Flipkart Wallet).

While you were entering your credit/debit card details, those with registered accounts were pressing on the buy button.

If you want to grab future offers, having a Wallet, which you can top up beforehand, can speed up your checkout process. Also, browse the site beforehand, pick out the items that you are really keen on, and place them on a separate 'wishlist' that the site lets you create.

In this manner, you can access your top picks quickly and easily, and check whether they are being offered at a high discount.

 

3. The deal on offer may not be the best

Cancelled orders were not the only reason buyers were unhappy with Flipkart. Many customers bought goods on Flipkart only to learn later that rival e-tailers, Snapdeal and Amazon, were offering them at higher discounts. For instance, a MacBook Air that was being sold on Flipkart for Rs 54,000 was priced at Rs 50,000 on Snapdeal.

It is customary for rival platforms to come up with their own deals when a peer announces a sale. So, the next time there is such a sale and if you have set your eyes on a specific product, compare its price on other platforms before you click on 'buy'.

If you have accounts with several e-tailers, comparing prices and purchasing the cheaper item becomes easier.

 

4. Refunds or exchange? Not during a sale

 

Most sales, whether offline or online, have rules that are different from those that apply to normal purchases. Television advertisements by online retailers say that returning a product is very easy.

However, this is not true if you have purchased it during a sale. If you have second thoughts about a purchase, you won't get a refund or even be allowed to exchange the product (unless it is faulty). Many people who were able to get their hands on heavily discounted products during the Flipkart sale, and later wanted to exchange them, could not do so.

So, learn to rein in impulse buying during such sales since you cannot cancel the order and can't get store credit. All these stipulations were clearly specified in the terms and conditions on Flipkart's website. So, next time, go through these carefully before you click on 'accept'.

 

5. Try to use 'Cash on Delivery' option

If cancelled orders weren't bad enough, spare a thought for buyers who may still be waiting for their refunds. Online retailers are very prompt, but refunds can still take up to 1-2 days to reflect in your account. This can be quite a bother, especially if you have been denied the discount.

To avoid this, choose the cash on delivery (COD) option. Even if you don't get the goods you order, at least you won't have to lock your money away

 

6. Don't lose sight of other promotion

 

Often, there are exclusive launches on the day of the sale. In the inevitable rush to benefit from the discounts on offer, customers tend to miss out on these launches. For instance, Huawei launched its Honor 6 mobile phone exclusively on Flipkart on 6 October.

Now, perhaps, in a bid to cash in on the discounted first-generation Moto X offering, you missed out on a phone that could have otherwise been your preferred choice. Now, however, it's too late since you cannot exchange it.

Therefore, it's important that you watch out for big launches during a sale. You might get more value from the new product than from a discounted offering.